Understanding Gum Disease: Early Signs and Prevention

Red, swollen or bleeding gums can be the first sign of gum disease. Learn how gingivitis becomes periodontitis and how to prevent it.

By the DentistDSS team · Published 4 June 2025 · Updated 3 November 2026

Gum disease, or periodontal disease, is one of the most common oral health problems and often begins unnoticed. Plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, collects around the gumline and can inflame the gums. This early stage is called gingivitis. Plaque left in place can harden into tartar, which a dental professional must remove. If the inflammation is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis, a serious infection that damages the soft tissue and bone that support your teeth.

Early signs include red, swollen and bleeding gums. Periodontitis can be painless, so don't wait for pain before getting your gums checked. Gum disease is largely preventable with good oral hygiene: brushing twice a day, cleaning between your teeth every day and having regular dental check-ups. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes and certain illnesses.

Treatment

Gingivitis can usually be reversed with effective daily cleaning and professional care. Periodontitis can cause lasting damage to the tissues supporting teeth and needs treatment plus ongoing maintenance to keep it controlled. Depending on how advanced it is, treatment ranges from deep cleaning (scaling and root planing) to gum surgery.

Untreated gum disease can lead to tooth loss, and it is linked with other health problems such as heart disease. A consistent daily routine is the best defence.

When to see a dentist

Book a dental appointment if your gums bleed when brushing or eating, even if they do not hurt. Seek urgent dental advice for very painful, swollen gums or suddenly loose adult teeth.